Europe’s lack of defence capabilities leaves it vulnerable to economic and foreign policy pressure. Philipp Hildebrand, Hélène Rey and Moritz Schularick outline key principles for establishing a European Future of Defence Architecture and a framework for its financing
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The European defence and climate agendas are not entirely in conflict. Simone Tagliapietra writes that beyond the debated public spending trade-off between defence and climate goals lie converging interests which should form the basis for a common defence and climate agenda
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European countries need to raise defence expenditures on a sustained basis. Jeromin Zettelmeyer, Armin Steinbach and Guntram Wolff consider the proposed European Defence Mechanism and answer some of the burning questions about the EDM
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Which countries will be pivotal for the success of EU defence funding instruments? Marco Buti and Marcello Messori say that history shows that decisions by single EU countries can determine whether member states as a whole take up new European initiatives
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Europe needs to be able to defend itself against Russia, with or without the United States. Alexandr Burilkov and Guntram Wolff argue that Europe could need 300,000 more troops and an annual defence spending hike of at least €250 billion in the short term to deter Russian aggression
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Europe is vulnerable to air attacks by both state and non-state actors. Armin Steinbach and Guntram Wolff propose the creation of an EU funding mechanism to internalise the positive externalities provided by national air-defence systems
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Geopolitical threats have put defence high on the EU political agenda. Roel Beetsma, Marco Buti and Francesco Nicoli discuss the delivery and financing a European defence capability
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